Arizona State Legislature V Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission (update 2023)

Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission was a landmark case in the United States that involved the redistricting process of the state of Arizona. The case was heard by the Supreme Court of the United States in 2015 and involved a challenge to the constitutionality of the Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission, which was established by voters in 2000 to redraw the state’s congressional districts every ten years. The decision in this case had important implications for the redistricting process in Arizona and the entire country, as it tested the limits of state authority in defining the election rules of their state.

Table of Contents

Arizona State Legislature V Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission

In 2011, the Arizona State Legislature passed legislation creating an Independent Redistricting Commission to redraw the state’s legislative and congressional boundaries. This move was designed to take the process of redistricting out of the hands of the state legislature, which had a history of controversial and partisan redistricting efforts.

However, in 2012, the Arizona State Legislature sued the Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission, claiming that the commission violated the U.S. Constitution by usurping the legislature’s power to create congressional districts. Specifically, the legislature argued that the commission was not authorized by the Constitution or Arizona law to draw district lines and that the commission’s actions violated the Elections Clause of the U.S. Constitution.

In 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected the Arizona Legislature’s argument and upheld the constitutionality of the Independent Redistricting Commission. The Court ruled that the commission was a permissible exercise of state legislative power and did not violate the Elections Clause. As a result, the Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission remains in place and continues to draw the state’s legislative and congressional district boundaries.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Legislature_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission#Arizona State Legislature V Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission

2015 United States Supreme Court case

Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued March 2, 2015 Decided June 29, 2015
Full case name	Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission, et al.
Docket no.	13-1314
Citations	576 U.S. 787 (more) 135 S. Ct. 2652; 192 L. Ed. 2d 704
Opinion announcement	Opinion announcement
Case history
Prior	997 F. Supp. 2d 1047 (D. Ariz. 2014)
Holding
(1) Petitioners have standing; (2) The Elections Clause of the United States Constitution and 2 U.S.C. §2a(c) permit Arizona’s use of a commission to adopt congressional districts.
Court membership
Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Antonin Scalia · Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas · Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer · Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor · Elena Kagan
Case opinions
Majority	Ginsburg, joined by Kennedy, Breyer, Sotomayor, Kagan
Dissent	Roberts, joined by Scalia, Thomas, Alito
Dissent	Scalia, joined by Thomas
Dissent	Thomas, joined by Scalia
Laws applied
U.S. Const. art. I, § 4, cl. 1 2 U.S.C. § 2a(c)

Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission, 576 U.S. 787 (2015), was a United States Supreme Court case where the Court upheld the right of Arizona voters to remove the authority to draw election districts from the Arizona State Legislature and vest it in an independent redistricting commission. In doing so, the Court expressly rejected a nascent version of the independent state legislature theory.

Background

The Arizona Constitution (Art. IV, pt. 1, §1) lets voters adopt laws and constitutional amendments by ballot initiative. Arizona voters adopted Proposition 106 in 2000 to address the problem of gerrymandering by creating the Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission (AIRC). The Arizona Legislature sued in 2012, arguing that the creation of the AIRC violated the Elections Clause of the U. S. Constitution, which says “The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations.”

The United States District Court for the District of Arizona, dividing two to one, rejected the Legislature’s complaint, finding that prior Supreme Court decisions “demonstrate that the word ‘Legislature’ in the Elections Clause refers to the legislative process used in [a] state, determined by that state’s own constitution and laws,” and that the lawmaking power in Arizona “plainly includes the power to enact laws through initiative”.

Opinion

Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Justices Anthony Kennedy, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan joined. The Court affirmed the District Court’s ruling, holding that “[r]edistricting is a legislative function to be performed in accordance with the State’s prescriptions for lawmaking, which may include the referendum, Ohio ex rel. Davis v. Hildebrant, 241 U.S. 565, 567, and the Governor’s veto, Smiley v. Holm, 285 U. S. 355, 369. While exercise of the initiative was not at issue in this Court’s prior decisions, there is no constitutional barrier to a State’s empowerment of its people by embracing that form of lawmaking.”

The court also noted that in 1911, Congress amended section 2a(c) of Title Two of the United States Code, which provided for federal redistricting if states fail to act. Recognizing “that States had supplemented the representative legislature mode of lawmaking with a direct lawmaking role for the people,” Congress “replaced the reference to redistricting by the state ‘legislature’ with a reference to redistricting of a State ‘in the manner provided by the laws thereof.'”

In support of its holding, the court cited passages from the Arizona Constitution which read “[a]ny law which may be enacted by the Legislature under this Constitution may be enacted by the people under the Initiative”(A.Z. Const. Art. XXII, §14). The majority also reviewed several dictionaries from the approximate time of the framing of the US Constitution. Instead of a narrow definition of “legislature” meaning a state’s senators and representatives these dictionaries defined “legislature” broadly, as “the power that makes laws”.

Dissents

Chief Justice John Roberts filed a dissenting opinion, joined by Justices Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, and Samuel Alito. Scalia and Thomas each wrote additional dissents which the other joined. Roberts concluded that the term “the Legislature” in the Elections Clause unambiguously refers to a representative body as “confirmed by other provisions of the Constitution that use the same term in the same way. When seeking to discern the meaning of a word in the Constitution, there is no better dictionary than the rest of the Constitution itself.”

Justice Scalia explained at length why he would not have granted standing in this case, then added “[n]ormally, having arrived at that conclusion, I would express no opinion on the merits unless my vote was necessary to enable the Court to produce a judgment. In the present case, however, the majority’s resolution of the merits question (‘legislature’ means ‘the people’) is so outrageously wrong, so utterly devoid of textual or historic support, so flatly in contradiction of prior Supreme Court cases, so obviously the willful product of hostility to districting by state legislatures, that I cannot avoid adding my vote to the devastating dissent of the Chief Justice.”

Justice Thomas contrasted the court’s support for direct democracy in this case with the overturning of many state voter referendums opposing same sex marriage in Obergefell v. Hodges, decided days earlier.

Impact

The case has formed the basis of action by the Supreme Court in at least one other case, Hickenlooper v. Kerr.

Hickenlooper was a petition for certiorari brought by John Hickenlooper in his capacity as governor of Colorado, as part of a long-running litigation over the Taxpayer Bill of Rights. On June 30, 2015, the Court issued a grant, vacate, remand order in the case, in which it granted the petition, vacated the decision below by the Tenth Circuit, and remanded it to the lower court for reconsideration in light of Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission.

References

External links

Works related to Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Comm’n at Wikisource
Text of Ariz. State Legislature v. Ariz. Indep. Redistricting Comm’n, 576 U.S. ___ (2015) is available from: Justia Oyez (oral argument audio) Justia (slip opinion)

Case law related to redistricting in the United States

Equal population

Colegrove v. Green (1946)
Baker v. Carr (1962)
Gray v. Sanders (1963)
Wesberry v. Sanders (1964)
Reynolds v. Sims (1964)
Davis v. Mann (1964)
Lucas v. Forty-Fourth Gen. Assembly of Colorado (1964)
Fortson v. Toomb (1965)
Burns v. Richardson (1966)
Avery v. Midland County (1968)
Kirkpatrick v. Preisler (1969)
Wells v. Rockefeller (1969)
Hadley v. Junior College District (1970)
Mahan v. Howell (1973)
Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare Water District (1973)
Gaffney v. Cummings (1973)
White v. Weiser (1973)
East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall (1976)
Ball v. James (1981)
Karcher v. Daggett (1983)
Brown v. Thomson (1983)
Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris (1989)
Cox v. Larios (2004)
Tennant v. Jefferson County (2012)
Evenwel v. Abbott (2016)
Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission (2016)

Partisan gerrymandering

Gaffney v. Cummings (1973)
Davis v. Bandemer (1986)
Vieth v. Jubelirer (2004)
League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry (2006)
Gill v. Whitford (2018)
Benisek v. Lamone (2018)
Rucho v. Common Cause / Lamone v. Benisek (2019)

Racial gerrymandering

Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1960)
Wright v. Rockefeller (1964)
Turner v. Fouche (1970)
Connor v. Johnson (1971)
Ely v. Klahr (1971)
Whitcomb v. Chavis (1971)
City of Richmond v. United States (1975)
East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall
Beer v. United States (1976)
United Jewish Organizations v. Carey (1977)
Wise v. Lipscomb (1978)
Mobile v. Bolden (1980)
City of Rome v. United States (1980)
Rogers v. Lodge (1982)
Escambia County v. McMillan (1984)
Mississippi Republican Executive Committee v. Brooks (1984)
Thornburg v. Gingles (1986)
Clark v. Roemer (1991)
Chisom v. Roemer (1991)
Houston Lawyers’ Association v. Attorney General of Texas (1991)
Presley v. Etowah County Comm’n (1992)
Growe v. Emison (1993)
Voinovich v. Quilter (1993)
Shaw v. Reno (1993)
Holder v. Hall (1994)
Johnson v. De Grandy (1994)
United States v. Hays (1995)
Miller v. Johnson (1995)
Shaw v. Hunt (1996)
Bush v. Vera (1996)
Lopez v. Monterey County (1996)
Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board (1997)
Abrams v. Johnson (1997)
Lopez v. Monterey County (1999)
Hunt v. Cromartie (1999)
Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board (2000)
Sinkfield v. Kelley (2000)
Easley v. Cromartie (2001)
Georgia v. Ashcroft (2003)
League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry (2006)
Bartlett v. Strickland (2009)
Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama (2015)
Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections (2017)
Cooper v. Harris (2017)
North Carolina v. Covington (2017)
Abbott v. Perez (2018)
North Carolina v. Covington (2018)
Wisconsin Legislature v. Wisconsin Elections Commission (2022)
Allen v. Milligan (2023)
Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP (2024)

Other

Chappelle v. Greater Baton Rouge Airport Dist. (1977)
Upham v. Seamon (1982)
Quinn v. Millsap (1989)
Utah v. Evans (2002)
Branch v. Smith (2003)
Lance v. Dennis (2006)
Lance v. Coffman (2007)
Perry v. Perez (2012)
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission (2015)
Shapiro v. McManus (2015)
Wittman v. Personhuballah (2016)
Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill (2019)
Moore v. Harper (2023)

U.S. Supreme Court Article I case law

Enumeration Clause of Section II
Utah v. Evans (2002) Department of Commerce v. New York (2019) Trump v. New York (2020)

Qualifications Clauses of Sections II and III
Powell v. McCormack (1969) U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995) Cook v. Gralike (2001)

Elections Clause of Section IV
Ex parte Siebold (1879) Smiley v. Holm (1932) U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995) Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission (2015) Moore v. Harper (2023)

Speech or Debate Clause of Section VI
Kilbourn v. Thompson (1881) United States v. Johnson (1966) Gravel v. United States (1972)

Origination Clause of Section VII
Flint v. Stone Tracy Co. (1911) United States v. Munoz-Flores (1990)

Presentment Clause of Section VII
Pocket Veto Case (1929) Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha (1983) Clinton v. City of New York (1998)

Taxing and Spending Clause of Section VIII

Hylton v. United States (1796)
Collector v. Day (1871)
Springer v. United States (1881)
Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co. (1895)
Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co. (1916)
Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. (1922)
United States v. Butler (1936)
Helvering v. Davis (1937)
South Dakota v. Dole (1987)
Sabri v. United States (2004)
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012)

Commerce Clause of Section VIII

Dormant Commerce Clause

Brown v. Maryland (1827)
Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co. (1829)
Cooley v. Board of Wardens (1852)
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886)
Swift & Co. v. United States (1905)
George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy (1925)
Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc. (1935)
Edwards v. California (1941)
Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona (1945)
Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison (1951)
Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland (1954)
Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc. (1959)
National Bellas Hess v. Illinois (1967)
Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc. (1970)
Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp. (1976)
Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady (1977)
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission (1977)
City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey (1978)
Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland (1978)
Reeves, Inc. v. Stake (1980)
Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp. (1981)
Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas (1982)
White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers (1983)
South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke (1984)
Maine v. Taylor (1986)
Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc. (1989)
Quill Corp. v. North Dakota (1992)
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt (1992)
Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon (1994)
C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown (1994)
West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy (1994)
Granholm v. Heald (2005)
United Haulers Ass’n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority (2007)
Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis (2008)
Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne (2015)
South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. (2018)
Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas (2019)
National Pork Producers Council v. Ross (2023)

Others

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Passenger Cases (1849)
Paul v. Virginia (1869)
Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson (1885)
Kidd v. Pearson (1888)
In re Debs (1895)
United States v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895)
Champion v. Ames (1903)
Southern Railway Co. v. United States (1911)
Hoke v. United States (1913)
Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States (1914)
Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)
Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen (1923)
A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935)
Gold Clause Cases (1935)
Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan (1935)
Carter v. Carter Coal Co. (1936)
NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. (1937)
United States v. Carolene Products Co. (1938)
McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. (1940)
United States v. Darby Lumber Co. (1941)
United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co. (1942)
Wickard v. Filburn (1942)
United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass’n (1944)
North American Co. v. SEC (1946)
H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond (1949)
Henderson v. United States (1950)
Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan (1951)
Boynton v. Virginia (1960)
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964)
Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
Maryland v. Wirtz (1968)
National League of Cities v. Usery (1976)
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc. (1981)
Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana (1981)
EEOC v. Wyoming (1983)
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985)
New York v. United States (1992)
United States v. Lopez (1995)
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida (1996)
Reno v. Condon (2000)
United States v. Locke (2000)
Jones v. United States (2000)
United States v. Morrison (2000)
Gonzales v. Raich (2005)
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012)
Taylor v. United States (2016)

Coinage Clause of Section VIII

Legal Tender Cases	Knox v. Lee (1871) Juilliard v. Greenman (1884)

Copyright Act of 1790	Wheaton v. Peters (1834) Paige v. Banks (1872) Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker (1908)
Patent Act of 1793	Tyler v. Tuel (1810) Evans v. Eaton (1818) Evans v. Eaton (1822) Evans v. Hettich (1822)
Patent infringement case law	Evans v. Jordan (1815) Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co. (1885) Rowell v. Lindsay (1885) Schillinger v. United States (1894) Bauer & Cie. v. O’Donnell (1913) General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co. (1938)
Patentability case law	Pennock v. Dialogue (1829) Hotchkiss v. Greenwood (1851) O’Reilly v. Morse (1853) Cochrane v. Deener (1876) City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co. (1878) Egbert v. Lippmann (1881) Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co. (1885) Voss v. Fisher (1885)
Copyright Act of 1831	Wheaton v. Peters (1834) Backus v. Gould (1849) Stephens v. Cady (1853) Stevens v. Gladding (1854) Little v. Hall (1856) Paige v. Banks (1872) Baker v. Selden (1879) Callaghan v. Myers (1888) Higgins v. Keuffel (1891) Holmes v. Hurst (1899) Brady v. Daly (1899) Bolles v. Outing Co. (1899) Mifflin v. R. H. White Company (1903) Mifflin v. Dutton (1903)
Copyright Act of 1870	Perris v. Hexamer (1879) Trade-Mark Cases (1879) Merrell v. Tice (1881) Schreiber v. Sharpless (1884) Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony (1884) Thornton v. Schreiber (1888) Banks v. Manchester (1888) Callaghan v. Myers (1888) Thompson v. Hubbard (1889) Higgins v. Keuffel (1891) Belford v. Scribner (1892) Brady v. Daly (1899) Bolles v. Outing Co. (1899) Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co. (1903) McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co. (1903) American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister (1907) Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co. (1907) United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co. (1907) White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. (1908) Dun v. Lumbermen’s Credit Ass’n (1908) Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus (1908) Scribner v. Straus (1908) Bong v. Campbell Art Co. (1909) Henry v. A.B. Dick Co. (1912)
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890	Straus v. American Publishers Association (1913) Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States (1939) Fashion Originators’ Guild of America v. FTC (1941) United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. (1948) Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc. (1979)
International Copyright Act of 1891	Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe (1896) McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co. (1903) American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister (1907) White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. (1908) Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker (1908) Bong v. Campbell Art Co. (1909) Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co. (1909) Hills and Co. v. Hoover (1911) Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros. (1911)
Copyright Act of 1909	Hills and Co. v. Hoover (1911) DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co. (1914) Herbert v. Shanley Co. (1917) Manners v. Morosco (1920) Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles (1923) Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co. (1931) Douglas v. Cunningham (1935) Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson (1939) Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp. (1940) Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons (1943) F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc. (1952) Mazer v. Stein (1954) De Sylva v. Ballentine (1956) Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co. (1964) Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States (1973)
Patent misuse case law	Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co. (1917) Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co. (1942)
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914	Fashion Originators’ Guild of America v. FTC (1941) Dowling v. United States (1985)
Lanham Act	Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc. (1982) San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee (1987) Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc. (1992) Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co. (1995) College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board (1999) Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc. (2001) TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc. (2001) Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. (2003) Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc. (2003) Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc. (2014) POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co. (2014) Matal v. Tam (2017) Iancu v. Brunetti (2019) Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc. (2020)
Copyright Act of 1976	Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. (1977) Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. (1984) Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder (1985) Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises (1985) Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid (1989) Stewart v. Abend (1990) Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co. (1991) Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc. (1994) Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. (1994) Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int’l, Inc. (1996) Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L’anza Research International Inc. (1998) Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc. (1998) New York Times Co. v. Tasini (2001) Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003) MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. (2005) Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick (2010) Golan v. Holder (2012) Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2013) Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. (2014) American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc. (2014) Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. (2017) Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com (2019) Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc. (2019) Allen v. Cooper (2020) Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc. (2020)
Other copyright cases	American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister (1911) Ferris v. Frohman (1912) Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser (1914) International News Service v. Associated Press (1918) L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co. (1919) Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc. (1923) Educational Films Corp. v. Ward (1931) Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal (1932) George v. Victor Talking Machine Co. (1934) KVOS v. Associated Press (1936) Gibbs v. Buck (1939) Buck v. Gallagher (1939) Commissioner v. Wodehouse (1949) Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc. (1960) Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover (1962) Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc. (1968) Goldstein v. California (1973) Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting (1974) Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken (1975)
Other patent cases	Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co. (1908) Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde (1916) United States v. General Electric Co. (1926) United States v. Univis Lens Co. (1942) Altvater v. Freeman (1943) Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp. (1945) Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co. (1948) Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp. (1950) Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co. (1950) Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co. (1961) Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc. (1964) Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther (1964) Brulotte v. Thys Co. (1964) Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp. (1965) Graham v. John Deere Co. (1966) United States v. Adams (1966) Brenner v. Manson (1966) Lear, Inc. v. Adkins (1969) Anderson’s-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co. (1969) Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc. (1971) Gottschalk v. Benson (1972) United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd. (1973) Dann v. Johnston (1976) Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc. (1976) Parker v. Flook (1978) Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980) Diamond v. Diehr (1981) Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc. (1989) Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc. (1990) Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc. (1996) Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co. (1997) Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc. (1998) Dickinson v. Zurko (1999) Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank (1999) J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. (2001) Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co. (2002) Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd. (2005) eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C. (2006) Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc. (2006) LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc. (2006) MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc. (2007) KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc. (2007) Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp. (2007) Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc. (2008) Bilski v. Kappos (2010) Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A. (2011) Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. (2011) Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership (2011) Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. (2012) Kappos v. Hyatt (2012) Bowman v. Monsanto Co. (2013) Gunn v. Minton (2013) Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc. (2013) FTC v. Actavis, Inc. (2013) Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International (2014) Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc. (2014) Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc. (2015) Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC (2015) Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. (2016) TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC (2017) Peter v. NantKwest, Inc. (2019)
Other trademark cases	G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co. (1915) Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co. (1938) Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V. (2020)

Necessary and Proper Clause of Section VIII
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Lambert v. Yellowley (1926) Sabri v. United States (2004) Gonzales v. Raich (2005) United States v. Comstock (2010) United States v. Kebodeaux (2013)

Habeas corpus Suspension Clause of Section IX
Ex parte Bollman (1807) Ex parte Merryman (1861) Ex parte Endo (1944) Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr (2001) Boumediene v. Bush (2008) Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam (2020)

No Bills of Attainder or Ex post facto Laws Clause of Section IX
Calder v. Bull (1798) Sturges v. Crowninshield (1819) Garner v. Board of Public Works (1851) De Veau v. Braisted (1860) Ex parte Garland (1866) Hawker v. New York (1898) Samuels v. McCurdy (1925) Barr v. City of Columbia (1964) Teague v. Lane (1989) Kansas v. Hendricks (1997) Smith v. Doe (2003)

Contract Clause of Section X

Legal Tender Cases

Hepburn v. Griswold (1870)